Mercury and lead during breast-feeding.
نویسنده
چکیده
Hg and Pb are of public health concern due to their toxic effects on vulnerable fetuses, persistence in pregnant and breast-feeding mothers, and widespread occurrence in the environment. To diminish maternal and infant exposure to Hg and Pb, it is necessary to establish guidelines based on an understanding of the environmental occurrence of these metals and the manner in which they reach the developing human organism. In the present review, environmental exposure, acquisition and storage of these metals via maternal-infant interaction are systematically presented. Though Hg and Pb are dispersed throughout the environment, the risk of exposure to infants is primarily influenced by maternal dietary habits, metal speciation and interaction with nutritional status. Hg and Pb possess similar adverse effects on the central nervous system, but they have environmental and metabolic differences that modulate their toxicity and neurobehavioural outcome in infant exposure during fetal development. Hg is mainly found in protein matrices of animal flesh (especially fish and shellfish), whereas Pb is mainly found in osseous structures. The potential of maternal acquisition is higher and lasts longer for Pb than for Hg. Pb stored in bone has a longer half-life than monomethyl-mercury acquired from fish. Both metals appear in breast milk as a fraction of the levels found in maternal blood supplied to the fetus during gestation. Habitual diets consumed by lactating mothers pose no health hazard to breast-fed infants. Instead, cows' milk-based formulas pose a greater risk of infant exposure to neurotoxic substances.
منابع مشابه
Associations of Breast Milk Mercury, Lead and Cadmium Concentrations with Hyperthyrotropinemia in Neonates during the First Few Days after Birth
Introduction: Recent studies show that exposure to heavy metals can affect thyroid function. This study aimed to assess heavy metals in breast milk during the first few days postpartum and their relationships with hyperthyrotropinemia in neonates. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 82 mother-infant pairs, consisting of 21 pairs (neonates with hyperthyrotropinemia) in the case gr...
متن کاملRelationship between frequency of child and growth in the second year
Introduction: The importance of breast-feeding is well-known over the first two-year of the life. Although, the complementary feeding is the main source of energy during the above-mentioned period and breast-feeding itself cannot supply the child nutritional requirements, as a consequence, complementary feeding provides seventy percent of the daily child requirements. It seems that a decrease i...
متن کاملAnxiety and Depression Symptoms and Associated Factors in Pregnant and Breast Feeding Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rasht, Iran, 2020
Background and purpose: The spread of COVID-19 can cause anxiety and depression and lead to adverse outcomes in perinatal period. This study aimed to evaluate anxiety and depression symptoms and associated factors in pregnant and breast feeding women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 450 pregnant and breast feeding women in Rasht, Iran dur...
متن کاملEvaluation of breast-feeding promotion programs on hospitals of Kerman province during 1995
breast-milk is the best food for infants and protects them from many diseases.in order to investigate the quality of breast-feeding promotion programms a survey was performed with the help of a questionnaire prepared by UNICEF ,titled as self assessment of maternity hospitals and other hospitals.the findings are as follow:none of the hospitals had a specific procedure to evaluate the efforts fo...
متن کاملSide effects of Intrauterine Device in Breast and Bottle Feeding Mothers
Dear Editor, Implementing health and family planning programs is the most effective way for birth control. Intrauterine device (IUD) is an effective long-acting contraceptive mean.1 Considering little side effects and good compatibility of IUD to physiologic hormonal alterations occurring during breast feeding, the device is an acceptable contraceptive mean in nursing mothers.2In spite of its a...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
عنوان ژورنال:
- The British journal of nutrition
دوره 92 1 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2004